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1 Faller Wire
An arrangement of wires on the mule which guides the spun yarn on to the spindle and assist in shaping the cop. -
2 Counter Faller
A horizontal wire on the mule which keeps the threads at tension when they have been depressed by the faller wire. -
3 ламель
3) Automobile industry: commutator bar, sipe4) Textile: drop wire, dropper, faller, faller wire5) Electronics: lamel7) Oil: bar (пластина коллектора)8) Astronautics: water switch9) Household appliances: solder pad10) Electrical engineering: commutator segment -
4 надниточник
Textile: building wire (прядильной машины периодического действия), copping taller wire (прядильной машины периодического действия), copping wire (прядильной машины периодического действия), faller wire (прядильной машины периодического действия), guide wire (прядильной машины периодического действия), upper wire (прядильной машины периодического действия) -
5 падающая шпилька самоостанова
Textile: drop wire, faller wireУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > падающая шпилька самоостанова
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6 Aufwinderdraht
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7 Garnführer
m < textil> ■ faller wire -
8 надниточник
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9 Chase
The extent of the traverse of the winding faller wire on a mule. -
10 Copping Rail
An attachment on the spinning mule, which is connected to the faller wire for determining the chase or build of the cop. -
11 Easing Motions
A mechanical contrivance to counteract the severity of the upward action of the counter-faller wire during the backing-off of the mule. -
12 Hargreaves, James
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. c.1720–1 Oswaldtwistle, near Blackburn, Englandd. April 1778 Nottingham, England[br]English inventor of the first successful machine to spin more than a couple of yarns of cotton or wool at once.[br]James Hargreaves was first a carpenter and then a hand-loom weaver at Stanhill, Blackburn, probably making Blackburn Checks or Greys from linen warps and cotton weft. An invention ascribed to him doubled production in the preparatory carding process before spinning. Two or three cards were nailed to the same stock and the upper one was suspended from the ceiling by a cord and counterweight. Around 1762 Robert Peel (1750–1830) sought his assistance in constructing a carding engine with cylinders that may have originated with Daniel Bourn, but this was not successful. In 1764, inspired by seeing a spinning wheel that continued to revolve after it had been knocked over accidentally, Hargreaves invented his spinning jenny. The first jennies had horizontal wheels and could spin eight threads at once. To spin on this machine required a great deal of skill. A length of roving was passed through the clamp or clove. The left hand was used to close this and draw the roving away from the spindles which were rotated by the spinner turning the horizontal wheel with the right hand. The spindles twisted the fibres as they were being drawn out. At the end of the draw, the spindles continued to be rotated until sufficient twist had been put into the fibres to make the finished yarn. This was backed off from the tips of the spindles by reversing them and then, with the spindles turning in the spinning direction once more, the yarn was wound on by the right hand rotating the spindles, the left hand pushing the clove back towards them and one foot operating a pedal which guided the yarn onto the spindles by a faller wire. A piecer was needed to rejoin the yarns when they broke. At first Hargreaves's jenny was worked only by his family, but then he sold two or three of them, possibly to Peel. In 1768, local opposition and a riot in which his house was gutted forced him to flee to Nottingham. He entered into partnership there with Thomas James and established a cotton mill. In 1770 he followed Arkwright's example and sought to patent his machine and brought an action for infringement against some Lancashire manufacturers, who offered £3,000 in settlement. Hargreaves held out for £4,000, but he was unable to enforce his patent because he had sold jennies before leaving Lancashire. Arkwright's "water twist" was more suitable for the Nottingham hosiery industry trade than jenny yarn and in 1777 Hargreaves replaced his own machines with Arkwright's. When he died the following year, he is said to have left property valued at £7,000 and his widow received £400 for her share in the business. Once the jenny had been made public, it was quickly improved by other inventors and the number of spindles per machine increased. In 1784, there were reputed to be 20,000 jennies of 80 spindles each at work. The jenny greatly eased the shortage of cotton weft for weavers.[br]Bibliography1770, British patent no. 962 (spinning jenny).Further ReadingC.Aspin and S.D.Chapman, 1964, James Hargreaves and the Spinning Jenny, Helmshore Local History Society (the fullest account of Hargreaves's life and inventions).For descriptions of his invention, see W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester; and W.A.Hunter, 1951–3, "James Hargreaves and the invention of the spinning jenny", Transactions ofthe Newcomen Society 28.A.P.Wadsworth and J. de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (a good background to the whole of this period).RLH
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